Compound reference

KPV Dosage Guide 2026: The Research vs Reported Use

By the Decadewise team Education only Last updated 3 August 2026 11 cited sources

Short answer

Three amino acids off the end of a hormone: KPV is lysine-proline-valine, the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, sold as a dry powder in 2mg and 5mg vials.

There is no human dose to report: FDA's July 2026 review found no clinical studies and no human exposure data for KPV by any route.

The only strength in any regulatory document: a topical cream or gel at 0.1%, which is 1mg per gram, nominated by one pharmacy and then withdrawn.

The evidence that exists is preclinical: mouse colitis, mouse peritonitis, human cell lines, and donated skin the peptide barely crosses.

Two substances wear one name: free base and acetate share a CAS number in most references and differ about sevenfold in water solubility, 0.70mg per mL against 5mg per mL.

In the FDA record: no approved product, and a compounding file. The agency proposed against the 503A list on 23 July 2026; its committee voted the other way, 8 to 6.

The calculator

Four inputs, three outputs: a vial size, a water volume, a syringe scale and a mass go in; the concentration, the volume and the barrel reading come out.

Units converter

Converts the numbers you type. It does not recommend a dose.

Vial amount mg Bacteriostatic water mL Syringe type Barrel size Dose you want to convert mg

Concentration2.5 mg per mL

Volume to drawenter a dose

Reads as

Arithmetic only. This is arithmetic on the numbers entered. It has no knowledge of any real vial, reconstitution, or syringe.

On this page

Short answer Calculator What it is sold as What does the research show? Research dose vs posted dose The 0.1% cream How the units math works How many units is 500mcg? What's not known yet? The safety picture How this page is sourced The disclaimer

Market description, not a protocol

What is KPV sold as, and for what?

Why this section cites a regulator rather than a forum: the FDA review team searched the open web itself while evaluating KPV for compounding, and wrote down what it found being sold and claimed. That description is retrievable, dated and attributable, which the threads are not.

The formats the agency found on sale: single-ingredient injectable, oral, topical and nasal-spray products, plus multi-ingredient products combining KPV with BPC-157, TB-500, AOD-9604 and Follistatin-344, promoted together as a regenerative combination for muscle, joint and cartilage repair (FDA, PCAC July 2026).

The conditions attached to it in that marketing: inflammatory conditions broadly, wound healing and skin health, immune support, protection against nerve damage and stroke, gut health, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, colitis and Crohn's disease, mast cell activation syndrome, histamine intolerance, recovery from COVID-19, Lyme disease, mold toxicity and pain syndromes. The agency records that list as website claims, not as findings.

The vial sizes named in the agency's own footnotes: a 2mg vial and a 5mg vial, each cited to a seller's product page. Those two figures are the only KPV quantities in the document that come off a label rather than out of a laboratory.

The one strength a pharmacy actually asked permission for: a cream or gel at 0.1% for topical use, nominated for wound healing and inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. The nominator, Wells Pharmacy Network, later withdrew the nomination, and FDA carried on evaluating the substance on its own initiative.

The blend it turns up inside: KPV is the K in the four-peptide KLOW vial, where the common label puts it at 10mg of an 80mg total alongside GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500.

What the compounding record contains, which is nothing: outsourcing facilities reported preparing no KPV products at all, single-ingredient or multi-ingredient, between January 2017 and June 2025, and FDA found no published study in which a compounded or non-compounded KPV product was given to a person.

Why no weekly milligram figure appears on this page: we could not source one. The schedules that circulate are not written down in any document we can cite and check, and an unattributable number is not a number we will print next to sourced ones.

Peer-reviewed preclinical data

What does the research show?

The identity first: KPV is alpha-MSH(11-13), the last three residues of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. PubChem carries it as CID 125672 with the formula C16H30N4O4, a molecular weight of 342.43 and CAS number 67727-97-3, the same three identifiers FDA prints for the free base.

The receptor answer is a negative, and it matters: KPV did not displace radiolabeled alpha-MSH from rat brain tissue, murine melanoma cells or MC1R-expressing macrophages, and it did not raise cyclic AMP in those macrophages. FDA's own reading is that melanocortin receptors are unlikely to be the molecular targets behind the peptide's anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects, and that those targets remain unknown.

So the mechanism on offer is downstream: inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activation, blunting of interleukin-1 beta, and uptake into cells through the di- and tripeptide transporter PepT1 rather than through a hormone receptor.

Study	What was given	Model	What happened
Getting 2003	KPV systemically, mice	crystal-induced peritonitis	significantly less polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation; effect survived MC3/4 blockade and a nonfunctional MC1 receptor
Kannengiesser 2008	KPV, two colitis models	DSS colitis and CD45RB-high transfer colitis in mice	earlier recovery, body weight regained, inflammatory infiltrates and myeloperoxidase down
Dalmasso 2008	KPV in drinking water; nanomolar KPV on cells	DSS and TNBS colitis in mice; Caco2-BBE, HT29-Cl.19A and Jurkat lines	colitis incidence reduced; NF-kappa B and MAP kinase signaling inhibited; uptake shown to run through PepT1
Pawar 2017	KPV applied to donated human skin	passive diffusion, microneedles, iontophoresis	passive permeation below the detection limit; 4.4 micrograms per square centimeter per hour with microneedles alone
Xiao 2017	KPV inside hyaluronic-acid nanoparticles, given orally	ulcerative colitis in mice	particles about 272.3nm; less mucosal damage and lower TNF-alpha than the same particles without the coating
Sung 2025	50 micrograms per mL KPV in culture	human HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to fine particulate matter	viability restored and interleukin-1 beta secretion reduced

Six studies, six preclinical settings. A mouse, a cell line, or a piece of donated skin, in every row.

The peritonitis study, which is where the receptor question was settled: Getting, Schioth and Perretti (Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2003) gave mice KPV systemically in a crystal-induced peritonitis model and measured a significant reduction in polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in the peritoneal cavity. An MC3/4 receptor antagonist did not block it, KPV failed to raise cyclic AMP in macrophages where a melanocortin agonist did, and the anti-inflammatory effect persisted in mice whose MC1 receptor does not work. Their conclusion was that KPV is unlikely to work through melanocortin receptors and more likely acts by inhibiting interleukin-1 beta (Getting, 2003).

The colitis study people usually mean: Kannengiesser and colleagues (Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008) ran KPV through two mouse models, dextran sodium sulfate colitis and CD45RB-high transfer colitis. Treated animals recovered earlier and regained significantly more body weight, inflammatory infiltrates in the colon were significantly reduced, and colonic myeloperoxidase activity fell with them. In the strain carrying a nonfunctional MC1 receptor, KPV rescued every treated animal from death during DSS colitis, which is the single strongest result anywhere in this literature and is a result in mice.

The transporter study that explains the oral route: Dalmasso and colleagues (Gastroenterology, 2008) showed nanomolar KPV inhibiting NF-kappa B and MAP kinase signaling in two human intestinal epithelial lines and in human T cells, traced the uptake to PepT1, and then reduced the incidence of both DSS and TNBS colitis in mice with KPV delivered in drinking water. That is the paper behind the claim that a tripeptide can work in the gut without being absorbed like a drug.

The skin study, which is the awkward one for a topical product: Pawar and colleagues (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017) put KPV on dermatomed human skin, the tissue FDA describes as cadaver skin. Passive permeation came in below the assay's detection limit of 0.01 micrograms per mL, meaning none was measurable. Microneedle treatment lifted it to 4.4 micrograms per square centimeter per hour, iontophoresis raised the rate 8-fold over microneedles alone, and the two together raised it 35-fold. FDA cites this study in both directions: poor skin permeation limits systemic exposure, and it equally limits how much reaches the layers a topical product would need to treat (FDA, PCAC July 2026).

Where the newer work is going: Xiao and colleagues (Molecular Therapy, 2017) loaded KPV into hyaluronic-acid-functionalized nanoparticles, around 272.3nm across, delivered them orally inside a chitosan and alginate hydrogel, and reported a much stronger capacity to prevent mucosal damage and to lower TNF-alpha in a mouse colitis model than the same particles without the hyaluronic acid coating. Sung and colleagues (Tissue and Cell, 2025) worked in culture instead, reporting that 50 micrograms per mL of KPV restored viability and cut interleukin-1 beta secretion in human keratinocytes damaged by fine particulate matter. Both are delivery and mechanism papers. Neither is a person.

What our own searches returned, with the strings printed so anyone can rerun them: PubMed, searched for KPV in the Title and Abstract fields on 2 August 2026, returns 65 records; the same query narrowed by PubMed's own Clinical Trial publication-type filter returns none at all. ClinicalTrials.gov, queried through its version 2 API the same day on the term KPV and again on KPV as an intervention, returns zero studies both times. FDA reached the same place independently: its July 2026 briefing document states that it did not identify data, such as clinical studies, on KPV administered in humans, and that it identified no study in humans assessing pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of either form by any route.

What that does and does not establish: it is a statement about two databases, three query strings and one date, alongside a regulator's own search. It is not a claim that no such study exists anywhere in the world. What holds is narrow and checkable, and it is enough to answer the question this page is named for: there is no trial dose to report, because there is no trial.

0.1%

the only KPV strength in any regulatory document, a topical cream or gel nominated for compounding

0.70mg

water solubility per mL reported for KPV free base; the acetate is reported at 5mg per mL

human exposure data identified by FDA for KPV, by any route of administration

adverse event reports retrieved from FAERS through 3 December 2025

FDA briefing document for KPV-related bulk drug substances, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, 23 to 24 July 2026, docket FDA-2025-N-6895, sections II.A, II.C and II.D. Solubility figures are FDA's, each cited in that document to a seller's document.

Is there a KPV dose behind the posted protocols?

The honest version of the answer is short: the two columns below do not disagree about a number. One of them has no numbers in it at all.

What the research gave

The recipients: mice, human cell lines, and donated skin in a diffusion cell. The routes were drinking water, systemic injection into an animal, culture medium, and topical application to excised tissue.

The purpose: mechanism and delivery. None of the six was a dose-ranging study, and the quantities they report are concentrations in a dish or amounts crossing a square centimeter of skin.

What is being sold

The recipients: people, by injection, by mouth, on skin and up the nose, from a 2mg or 5mg vial of powder or from a compounded cream.

What stands behind the quantity: for the injectable, nothing we could retrieve. The one strength in any document, the 0.1% cream, was proposed by a pharmacy rather than tested in a study.

A tripeptide in a mouse's water bottle and a vial of powder on a kitchen counter are not the same experiment at two scales.

What the left column is actually evidence about: that KPV reduces measured inflammation in specific animal models and specific cell lines, by a mechanism that is not the one its hormone parent uses. Carrying that across to a milligram figure for a person needs a bridge we could not find in any record we searched, and neither could the agency: no pharmacokinetics, no dose ranging, no exposure data, in either form of the substance.

What does a 0.1% KPV cream actually hold?

The percentage as a quantity: 0.1% by weight is one part in a thousand, so a gram of a 0.1% cream holds 1mg of KPV and a 30-gram tube holds 30mg. That arithmetic is the entire content of the figure, and it is the only strength any regulator has ever been asked to evaluate for this peptide.

Why FDA could not go further than that: the nomination never said what vehicle the cream or gel would use. For a topical product, solubility and particle size are what keep potency even through the tube, and without a formulation the agency wrote that it could not evaluate how those characteristics would affect the finished product.

The solubility figure sitting underneath it: FDA reports KPV free base as soluble in water up to 0.70mg per mL, and KPV acetate as dissolving at 5mg per mL. Both figures are cited in the briefing document to seller-published material, which is the best evidence the agency could find, and the gap between them is a factor of about seven.

What that gap does to a vial of powder: at 0.70mg per mL, the free base in a 5mg vial would need more than 7mL of water before all of it was in solution, and a 2mg vial would need close to 3mL. At 5mg per mL, the same 5mg goes into 1mL with nothing to spare. Those are two different liquids with the same three letters printed on the label.

Whether a certificate settles which one is in the vial: often it cannot. FDA records that the same CAS number, 67727-97-3, is used for the free base and for the acetate in most public references, and that the certificate submitted with the KPV nomination named one substance in its title and a different one by molecular formula. Our note on how to read a peptide certificate of analysis covers what a document like that can and cannot establish.

And a purity line does not close the gap either: the agency ran its own literature searches for certificates covering the free base and found that most contain only a purity testing result, with no impurity limits acting as a control, no information on the peptide's tendency to aggregate, and nothing showing whether the microbiological testing a topical product requires had been done at all. That is the same shortfall we set out in what an HPLC purity figure leaves out, arrived at independently by a regulator reading the same documents.

The storage numbers, and where they come from: FDA reports lyophilized KPV free base as stable up to 3 years at minus 20 degrees Celsius, up to 2 years at 4 degrees, and up to 3 months at 15 degrees, with the reconstituted solution reported at 6 months, 1 month and 1 week for minus 80, minus 2 and 10 degrees. Those figures are quoted in the briefing document from a seller's certificate for a 2mg vial, not from a stability study, and what freeze-drying does and does not preserve is worth reading alongside them.

How does the units math work on a 2mg or 5mg vial?

General arithmetic, no dose attached: what follows describes powder and water, not a person. Nothing in this section is a recommendation, and none of it says what belongs in a syringe.

The 5mg vial in 2mL: a 5mg vial reconstituted with 2mL of bacteriostatic water holds 2.5mg per mL, the same thing as 2,500mcg per mL.

Against a U-100 barrel: that scale is printed 100 units to the milliliter, so one unit is 0.01mL, carrying 25mcg in this mix. On that reading, 500mcg lands on 20 units.

The same vial in 1mL instead: half the water, so the concentration doubles to 5mg per mL and every unit now carries 50mcg. The same 500mcg reads as 10 units, half of what it read before.

Down to the 2mg vial: 2mg in 1mL is 2mg per mL, each unit is worth 20mcg, and 500mcg reads as 25 units.

Reversed, a bare unit count stops being a quantity: 20 units of the first mix is 500mcg, 20 units of the second is 1,000mcg, and the barrel looks identical either way.

Three KPV vial setups, worked out on a U-100 syringe

Vial plus water	Concentration	1 unit equals	What 500mcg reads as
5mg + 2mL	2.5mg per mL (2,500mcg per mL)	0.025mg (25mcg)	20 units
5mg + 1mL	5mg per mL	0.05mg (50mcg)	10 units
2mg + 1mL	2mg per mL	0.02mg (20mcg)	25 units

Syringe scale, before any concentration math

Syringe	Units per mL	1 unit equals
U-100	100 units per mL	0.01mL
U-40	40 units per mL	0.025mL

Two scales, a ratio of 2.5 between them, fixed by the printing on the barrel and independent of the vial it draws from.

One row in that table has a chemistry problem the arithmetic cannot see: the middle setup asks 5mg to dissolve in 1mL, which is exactly the acetate's reported ceiling and about seven times the free base's. The division works. Whether the powder actually goes into solution depends on which of the two substances the vial holds, and the label may not say.

How many units is 500mcg of KPV?

Three mixes, three readings: at 2.5mg per mL, a 5mg vial in 2mL, 500mcg reads as 20 units on a U-100 syringe. At 5mg per mL, the same vial in 1mL, it reads 10 units. At 2mg per mL, a 2mg vial in 1mL, it reads 25 units.

None of those three is the right answer: they are three correct statements about three different liquids that happen to share a label. The number in the question is a mass, the number on the barrel is a volume, and only the concentration connects them.

What's not known yet?

The surveillance databases first, because they are the cheapest place to look: FDA's Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology searched the FAERS adverse event database and the medical literature for KPV through 3 December 2025 and retrieved no reports and no published cases. A search of the Human Foods Complaint System covering 1 January 2004 to 3 December 2025 returned no cases where KPV was administered. The agency states plainly that FAERS reporting is voluntary, that compounders under section 503A generally do not report to it, and that no conclusion about safety can rest on it.

Then the toxicology package, which is a list of absences: FDA identified no acute toxicity studies, no repeat-dose toxicity studies, no genotoxicity studies, no developmental or reproductive toxicity studies and no carcinogenicity studies for either KPV free base or KPV acetate. It also identified no data on immunogenicity or aggregation, which the agency raises as separate peptide-specific risks that a purity result does not address.

The compounding file, and what it is not: KPV appears on FDA's list of bulk drug substances nominated but withdrawn, on a page the agency dates 22 April 2026, with the entry noting that it has identified no human exposure data by any route and lacks important information about whether the substance would cause harm. That is a procedural listing, not an endorsement and not an approval.

What happened on 23 July 2026: KPV-related bulk drug substances went before FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee under docket FDA-2025-N-6895, with two separate votes on the agenda, one for the free base and one for the acetate. In its briefing document the agency proposed that neither be added to the 503A list, on the grounds that they are not well characterized, that the extent of use in compounding is unknown, and that there is no information on their use in humans from which to draw a conclusion. The committee voted the other way. The Associated Press and NBC News, reporting from the meeting that day, put the tally at 8 in favor, 6 against and 1 abstention across BPC-157, KPV and TB-500. A committee advises; FDA decides by rulemaking.

How thin the record looked from inside the room: during the KPV discussion one committee member, Josh Mailman, said he did not know what he was voting on, described it as "kind of like a black box", and voted no. Another member gave her no vote on KPV a different reason, that the panel was reacting to demand created by a market rather than to evidence. Both accounts come from NBC News reporting of the meeting, because the agency itself has posted an agenda, briefing documents and slides for that day and no result.

Three gaps, and the third is the one under all the others:

No published study has given KPV to a person, on the searches described above and on FDA's own, so there is no verified dose, schedule, route or duration for it.
No pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic data exists for either form, so nothing is known about what happens after it enters a body, in an animal or in a human.
No document establishes which substance a given vial holds, because the free base and the acetate are sold under one common name, share a CAS number in most references, and have no United States Adopted Name to separate them.

Nothing published closes any of the three, which is why this page cites nothing for them.

Which puts the first question on the supply chain rather than on the arithmetic: whether the powder is the free base or the acetate, whether it is pure, whether it is sterile, and whether the milligrams on the label are the milligrams in the vial. Every unit count on this page assumes all four, and none of the four is established by anything we could retrieve.

How this page is sourced

Papers and regulator records, read directly: every preclinical figure above came off the cited paper itself, and every regulatory statement came out of the FDA document that carries it, retrieved and read rather than summarized from a secondary account.

Eleven sources, three of them regulatory: six papers with their DOIs and PubMed IDs, the FDA briefing document for KPV, the meeting record that carries the two votes, FDA's withdrawn-nominations list, a chemical database entry for the molecule, and one entry for the news reporting of the committee vote. Every one of them is a document a reader can open and hold this page to.

The regulatory lines carry a re-verify date: the compounding status, the committee outcome and the withdrawn-nominations entry were retrieved on 2 August 2026 and carry a 90-day re-verify date, because a rulemaking can change all three.

The absence at the heart of this page was measured, not assumed: a sentence saying no human study exists is a positive claim about a whole literature, so we ran the searches ourselves instead of borrowing the conclusion, and printed the query strings above so a reader can repeat them. PubMed, searched for KPV in the Title and Abstract fields on 2 August 2026, returned 65 records, and none of them survived its Clinical Trial publication-type filter. ClinicalTrials.gov returned zero studies the same day, both for KPV as a search term and for KPV as an intervention. FDA reports the same absence independently, from its own search of PubMed, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov, in a memorandum dated 12 May 2026. That is the exact scope of the claim: those databases, those query strings, those dates, and a regulator's search beside them.

What a citation has to clear before it ships: the whole standard, including who reads a page before it goes live, is written out on our methodology page, and every correction to a figure on this site is logged there as well as here.

Last reviewed: 2 August 2026.

1
Getting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-7. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.051623. PMID 12750433.
2
Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-31. doi:10.1002/ibd.20334. PMID 18092346.
3
Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-78. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026. PMID 18061177.
4
Pawar K, Kolli CS, Rangari VK, Babu RJ. Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV) Peptide Across Microporated Human Skin. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106(7):1814-1820. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.017. PMID 28343991.
5
Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.020. PMID 28143741.
6
Sung J, Ju SY, Park S, Jung WK, Je JY, Lee SJ. Lysine-Proline-Valine peptide mitigates fine dust-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation by regulating oxidative stress and modulating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Tissue Cell. 2025;95:102837. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2025.102837. PMID 40073467.
7
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026, Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee: FDA Briefing Document for KPV-Related Bulk Drug Substances (KPV (free base) and KPV acetate), memorandum dated 12 May 2026, docket FDA-2025-N-6895. Source of the nominated cream/gel 0.1% topical strength, the nominated uses, the physicochemical table, the 0.70mg per mL and 5mg per mL solubility figures, the storage figures, the historical-use and marketing description, the FAERS and Human Foods Complaint System searches, the nonclinical and human-safety absences, and the agency's proposal not to add either substance to the 503A Bulks List. Retrieved 2 August 2026, HTTP 200, 2,152,618 bytes. FDA briefing document, KPV.
8
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee: meeting page and agenda, and the meeting Questions document setting the two KPV votes, "Should KPV (free base) be placed on the list?" and "Should KPV acetate be placed on the list?". Retrieved 2 August 2026, HTTP 200. Meeting page, meeting questions document.
9
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks, table headed "Bulk drug substances nominated but withdrawn", KPV entry: "FDA has not identified any human exposure data on drug products containing KPV administered via any route of administration." Page content current as of 22 April 2026. Retrieved 2 August 2026, HTTP 200. fda.gov, withdrawn nominations.
10
News reporting of the committee vote, not an FDA record. NBC News, 23 July 2026, reporting eight yes votes from the new appointees, six no votes and one abstention on BPC-157, KPV and TB-500, and carrying the committee-member quotes used above. Retrieved 2 August 2026, HTTP 200, 412,750 bytes. nbcnews.com. Associated Press, 23 July 2026, reporting 8-6 with one abstention across the votes. apnews.com. Re-checked against the FDA meeting page on 2 August 2026: it publishes an agenda, a roster, briefing documents, the questions document and both days of presentation slides, and no minutes and no tally.
11
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 125672, Lys-Pro-Val, listing molecular formula C16H30N4O4, molecular weight 342.43, CAS 67727-97-3 and the synonyms "alpha-MSH(11-13)" and "alpha-MSH (11-13) (free acid)". Retrieved through the PubChem PUG REST API, 2 August 2026, HTTP 200. PubChem CID 125672.

The disclaimer

Every page is reviewed by medical professionals before it ships, and written with longtime biohackers who were doing this before it was a trend. Reviewed still does not mean prescribed: nothing here is medical advice.

It is research, trial data, and reported use, with the numbers intact so you can check them. For decisions about your body, see a doctor who can look at your labs.